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Archive for March, 2008
Streptococcus bacteria are commonly found in human throat, mouth and in respiratory tract. It spreads easily in air and is responsible for sore throat, fever and sometimes pneumonia. This is a gram positive bacterium. It contains pathogenic and commensal bacteria.
Streptococcus bacteria are found in many hosts like human, pigs, cows, horses etc. though they reside in mouth and respiratory organs only, sometimes they may also found in skin, heart and muscle tissues.
The pathogenic streptococci in man cause various diseases like sore throat, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever etc. They are divided into groups. Group A streptococci is a pus producing bacteria in wound. Group B streptococci are responsible for neonatal diseases. This type of bacterium is also found in female reproductive organs and may cause premature rupture of membranes. The bacteria can be easily transmitted to the baby and may also cause some infections. Therefore pregnant women in the gestation period of 35 to 37 weeks need to diagnose for Group B streptococci bacteria.
Group C causes infection in animals particularly in horses. Strangles in horses is caused by Group c streptococcus bacteria. It is an upper respiratory track infection most common in horses all over the world. This bacterium is highly contagious. Group c bacteria also cause death in chicken and moose.
Group D Bacteria or Enterococcus bacteria are found in human. In some rare cases it may cause neurological infections.
Hemolytic streptococcus can be classified as Alpha hemolytic streptococci and Beta hemolytic streptococci. Alpha hemolytic streptococci are responsible for pneumonia which is an inflammatory illness in lungs. Streptococcus pneumonic bacteria are found in the nose and mouth of even healthy people. It can affect any one irrespective of age. However it will not affect new born babies.
This type of bacterium also causes meningitis which affects the nervous system. Meningitis will cause more infections, physical injuries. If you leave it untreated it may cause even death. Empiric antibodies must be given to the infected person immediately.
Some diseases caused by Streptococcus bacteria are as follows;
Sore throat, fever, postpartum fever and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome are some of the diseases caused by this bacterium. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is the serious infection caused by this bacterium. It may cause low blood pressure, kidney problems, liver and lung infections and shock. As this bacterium progresses fast it may cause more infection before diagnosis.
Group B streptococci cause dreadful diseases in pregnant women and new born babies. Elderly adults are also affected by this bacterium. This bacterium will not show any symptom in the body in the initial stage. However it is dangerous if it enters the blood stream. Pneumonia is also caused by Group B streptococci only. But it is controllable through vaccine.
Streptococci will also be found in gastrointestinal tract. The risk of getting this disease is higher in women. Pregnant women need to diagnose for this bacterium since it can be easily transmitted to the infants.
Medicine for streptococci: Antibiotics and vaccines are developed to control streptococcus bacteria. Enthromycin and penicillin have highest resistance capacity against this bacterium. However early treatment by giving antibiotics can help control the diseases.
Rosacea is a common skin problem often called “adult acne.” Fair-skinned and menopausal women are more likely to have rosacea. Rosacea also seems to run in families. It causes redness in the center parts of the face and pimples. Blood vessels under the skin of the face may enlarge and show through the skin as small red lines. The skin may be swollen and feel warm. Women with rosacea don’t have the same lesions as seen with common acne. They may have flushing of the face, when they are hot, drink alcohol or hot drinks, or eat spicy foods. This flushing causes the face to appear red. In the most severe form, this redness does not go away. The eyes may become swollen and nodules in the skin may be painful. You can help keep rosacea under control by keeping a record of things that cause it to flare up. Try to avoid or limit these triggers as much as you can. Antibiotic lotions or gels can also help. Sometimes, you may need to take antibiotic pills. Your dermatologist may treat you with laser surgery. If you think you have rosacea, talk with your doctor about these treatments.
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Meningococcemia is the presence of Neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcus), a severe bacterical infection, in the blood stream. It is demonstrated by blood culture.
Meningococcal disease is an infection caused by the Neisseria meningitidis. It is transmitted from person to person through respiratory secretions. Neisseria meningitidis often live in the upper respiratory tract without causing any visible signs of the disease. Some event is thought to trigger the onset of aggressive behavior of the bacteria, and sporadic cases of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia appear. Neisseria meningitidis is encapsulated gram-negative diplococcus, and the causative agent of meningococcemia. Other risk factors include lack of immunoglobulins, asplenia, and HIV infection.
Symptoms
According to research, these are typical symptoms of infection. Not all of these symptoms will appear, and not necessarily in this order. Every child with purpuric rash and high fever should be treated as meningococcemia - until proven otherwise.
* Rash, pinpoint red spots (petechiae)
* High fever
* Severe headache
* Severe malaise
Treatment
Immediate treatment of a suspected case of meningococcemia begins with antibiotics that work against the organism. Possible choices include penicillin G, ceftriaxone (Rocephin), cefotaxime (Claforan), or trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra). If the patient is diagnosed in a doctor’s office, antibiotics should be given immediately if possible, even before transfer to the hospital and even if cultures cannot be obtained before treatment. The treatment is carried out by the antibiotics. Penicillin G aqueous may be given to both children and adults. Chloramphenicol can be given in case of penicillin allergy. Intensive supportive care is required for patients with fulminant meningococcemia. Avoid helpful when limb amputation can be salvaged. Poor tissue perfusion can also lead to complications that require a dental extraction of teeth affected. Plaquettaire replacement may be needed if bleeding disorders develop.
Pneumonia is an illness of the lungs and respiratory system in which the alveoli (microscopic air-filled sacs of the lung responsible for absorbing oxygen from the atmosphere) become inflamed and flooded with fluid. Pneumonia can result from a variety of causes, including infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Pneumonia may also occur from chemical or physical injury to the lungs, or indirectly due to another medical illness, such as lung cancer or alcohol abuse. Typical symptoms associated with pneumonia include cough, chest pain, fever, and difficulty in breathing. Diagnostic tools include x-rays and examination of the sputum. Treatment depends on the cause of pneumonia; bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics. Pneumonia is a common illness which occurs in all age groups, and is a leading cause of death among the elderly and people who are chronically ill. Vaccines to prevent certain types of pneumonia are available. The prognosis for an individual depends on the type of pneumonia, the appropriate treatment, any complications, and the person’s underlying health.
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Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness that causes signs and symptoms ranging from rash and flu-like fever and body aches to more serious ones including joint swelling, weakness, fatigue and temporary paralysis. Lyme disease is a disease transmitted by ticks that causes signs and symptoms ranging from rash and flu, fever and pain more seriously, including swelling, weakness, fatigue and temporary paralysis. Lyme disease is an infection caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi. Borrelia burgdorferi is the leading cause of Lyme disease in the United States and Borrelia afzelii Borrelia garinii and Europe.
Symptoms
One sure sign of Lyme disease is a round, red rash that spreads at the site of a tick bite. This rash can get very large.
Flu-like symptoms are also very common. People in the early stages of Lyme disease may feel very tired and have headaches, sore muscles and joints, and a fever
In a few people, early Lyme disease can spread to the heart or the nervous system. Symptoms most often occur from May through September because the nymphal stage of the tick is responsible for most cases. Ticks attach easily to bare flesh. If you’re in an area where ticks are common, protect yourself and your children by wearing long sleeves and long pants. Most cases of Lyme disease can be treated successfully with a few weeks of antibiotics. Measures to prevent Lyme disease include using insect repellent, removing ticks promptly, landscaping, and integrated pest management.
Treatment
Lyme disease is treated with antibiotics. Early Lyme disease responds very well to treatment. In most cases, 14 to 30 days of treatment with an antibiotic kills the bacteria. Your doctor will tell you how many days to take the antibiotic. It’s important for you to take all the medicine your doctor prescribes to prevent the spread of Lyme disease to your joints, nervous system or heart.
Prevention
Ticks frequently live in shady, moist ground cover and also cling to tall grass, brush, shrubs, and low tree branches. Lawns and gardens may harbor ticks, especially at the edges of woods and forests and around old stone walls (areas where deer and mice, the primary hosts of the deer tick, thrive). Wear closed shoes and boots, long-sleeved shirts and long pants. Tuck pants into boots or shoes to prevent ticks to explore his legs. Keep long hair pulled back or placed in a cap for added protection. Wash all clothing after leaving areas infested with ticks and swimming and shampoo your child thoroughly to remove any hidden ticks. Keep long hair pulled back or placed in a cap for added protection.
In ancient Rome, patients with unbearable head pain were sometimes treated with jolts from the electricity-producing black torpedo fish, or electric ray. Scribonius Largus, physician to Emperor Claudius, was a staunch advocate of the remedy. “To immediately remove and permanently cure a headache, however long-lasting and intolerable, a live black torpedo is put on the place which is in pain, until the pain ceases and the part grows numb,” he wrote in the first century. Electric fish have long disappeared from the medical armamentarium. And patients with headaches are most frequently treated with pharmaceuticals. But recently, electrical or electromagnetic devices that hark back to the head-zapping torpedo fish have come into vogue among the country’s most prominent migraine researchers. Two different kinds of stimulatory devices are now in large-scale clinical trials for possible use in patients with the most severe migraine cases. Many researchers believe that such devices are likely to play a greater role in migraine treatment in the future. Roughly 30 million Americans suffer from migraines, an inherited neurological disorder characterized in part by painful, throbbing headaches.
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Most heart attacks are caused by a blood clot that blocks one of the coronary arteries. The coronary arteries bring blood and oxygen to the heart. If the blood flow is blocked, the heart starves for oxygen and heart cells die. A clot most often forms in a coronary artery that has become narrow because of the build-up of a substance called plaque along the artery walls. Sometimes, the plaque cracks and triggers a blood clot to form. Occasionally, sudden overwhelming stress can trigger a heart attack. It is difficult to estimate exactly how common heart attacks are because as many as 200,000 to 300,000 people in the United States die each year before medical help is sought. It is estimated that approximately 1 million patients visit the hospital each year with a heart attack. About 1 out of every 5 deaths are due to a heart attack. Risk factors for heart attack and coronary artery disease include: Bad genes (hereditary factors) Being male Diabetes Getting older High blood pressure Smoking Too much fat in your diet Unhealthy cholesterol levels, especially high LDL (”bad”) cholesterol and low HDL (”good”) cholesterol Higher-than-normal levels of homocysteine, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen may also increase your risk for a heart attack. Homocysteine is an amino acid. C-reactive protein and fibrinogen are linked to inflammation. Fibrinogen is also involved in blood clotting. barato levitra comprar viagra comprar cialis
While not necessarily addictive, antidepressant drugs can cause serious side effects that lead to erratic behavior. Such side effects create a dangerous situation in the workplace, the home, while driving and in many other instances. Those antidepressant drugs of particular concern are tricyclic antidepressants.
Amitriptyline is an antidepressant drug that goes by the brand name Limbitrol. Nortriptyline is also a part of the tricyclic antidepressant family and is prescribed as Aventyl and Pamelor. Doxepin is used to treat both depression and anxiety and can be found under the names Adapin and Sinequan. Desipramine is sometimes also prescribed to treat eating disorders and withdrawal symptoms from cocaine addiction. It is sold under the name brands Norpramin and Pertofrane.
How Do Tricyclic Antidepressants Work?
Antidepressants work by helping to maintain certain levels of neurotransmitters, chemicals called serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain. These chemicals help to regulate mood and modes of thinking. By elevating a person suffering from depression’s mood, antidepressants alleviate the feelings of hopelessness, sadness and the general lack of interest in living associated with their condition. The medication is typically taken as an antidepressant pill, but is also available in syrup form.
Effects of Antidepressant Drugs
Antidepressant drugs, especially tricyclic antidepressant drugs can cause a whole array of side effects. Side effects include, upset stomach, dry mouth, increase in skin sensitivity, insomnia, drowsiness, changes in sex drive, changes in appetite and confusion. Serious antidepressant side effects that require medical attention include constipation, difficulty in speaking, irregular heartbeat, trembling, stiffness of limbs and hallucinations. Tricyclic antidepressants also create an increased likelihood of thoughts of suicide and attempts in children and adolescents. Any sudden behavior changes, mood swings or extreme agitation should be relayed to your child’s doctor.
Signs of Tricyclic Antidepressant Overdoses
Someone overdosing on tricyclic antidepressants exhibits many signs and should be taken to a medical facility immediately. Warning signs of a potential overdose include seizures, dilated pupils, pounding or irregular heartbeat, hallucinations, difficulty breathing, severe drowsiness, and vomiting.
How To Test For Antidepressant Drugs
While antidepressant drugs are a prescription medication with legitimate uses, they can be potentially dangerous to those who work in fields that require the operation of heavy machinery and other hazardous activities. There are many different kinds of drug testing kits that test for tricyclic antidepressants in one’s system, such as urine drug tests, saliva drug tests and hair follicle drug tests.
Having an employee that is under the influence of antidepressant drugs such as amitriptyline, nortriptyline or doxepin can be potentially dangerous, not only to themselves, but to other employees and the health of your company. That is why performing drug tests at your workplace to detect antidepressant use can keep your workers safe, your reputation sound and your company producing to the best of its ability.
As a parent, the prescription drugs your child or teenager is taking is obviously of concern to you. But the potential side effects of some drugs like tricyclic antidepressants are astounding and should be carefully monitored. To test your teen for amitriptyline use, nortriptyline use, doxepin use, desirpramine use and other antidepressant drugs that have been shown to increase the likelihood of suicidal thoughts in adolescents, a drug test kit can help to calm your mind and decide what is best for your child.
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The New York Times reports on a program at the Colorado University hospital to mix up chemotherapy drugs with robots. If successful, this may be the beginning of a substantial safety innovation in the field of cancer care. Chemotherapy is often given in the form of cocktails: either more than one chemotherapy agent or agents with carriers, diluents, and other materials. Dosing must be exact, and there is always the possibility of dangerous errors. By turning the responsibility over to a machine, developers hope to reduce error rates and enhance patient safety. Two companies, Primus Innovations and Health Robotics, are mentioned as collaborating with the hospital in the program. The Baylor Health System in Texas is also pursuing a chemotherapy mixer robot program. A news report says the Colorado doctors think robotic mixing will eventually become the standard procedure at major mesothelioma centers. The CU Hospital will start using the robot in a few weeks. A similar robot has been used in Europe.